Lexicographic entries

κακκάβη, κάκκαβος
(Phryn. Ecl. 400, Poll. 106–7, Antiatt. κ 90, Moer. κ 4)

A. Main sources

(1) Phryn. Ecl. 400: κάκκαβον· διὰ τοῦ η κακκάβην λέγε, τὸ γὰρ διὰ τοῦ ο ἀμαθές· καὶ γὰρ Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Δαιδάλῳ διὰ τοῦ η χρῆται.

κάκκαβον (‘three-legged pot’): Say κακκάβη with η, for the [form] with ο [is] unlearned. Indeed, Aristophanes also uses [the form] with η in the Daedalus (fr. 204 = C.2).

(2) Poll. 10.106–7: […] ὥσπερ καὶ κακκάβην τὴν λοπάδα ἐρεῖς, εἰπόντος Ἀριστοφάνους ἐν Σκηνὰς καταλαμβανούσαις ‘τὴν κακκάβην γὰρ κᾶε τοῦ διδασκάλου’ [...]. καὶ κάκκαβον δὲ τὴν κακκάβην κατὰ τὴν τῶν πολλῶν χρῆσιν Ἀντιφάνης κέκληκεν εἰπὼν ἐν Παρασίτῳ· ‘κάκκαβον λέγω· | σὺ δ’ ἴσως ἂν εἴποις λοπάδ’. ἐμοὶ δὲ τοὔνομα | οἴει διαφέρειν, εἴτε κάκκαβόν τινες | χαίρουσιν ὀνομάζοντες εἴτε σίττυβον;’ καὶ Νικοχάρης δὲ ἐν Λημνίαις εἴρηκε κακκάβους.

τινες χαίρουσιν ὀνομάζοντες Sylburg (in Seber 1608, 142) : χαίρουσίν τινες ὀνομάζοντες Poll. codd. ABCL : τινες χαίρουσιν ὀνομάζειν Poll. cod. F (cf. C.6, apparatus).

[…] as you will also call the cooking pot κακκάβη, as Aristophanes says in Women Occupying Tents (fr. 495 = C.3): ‘for he burned his teacher’s κακκάβη’. And Antiphanes called the κακκάβη κάκκαβος, according to the use of the many, saying in the Parasite (fr. 180.4–7 = C.6): ‘(A) I’m talking about a κάκκαβος; maybe you would call it a λοπάς (‘cooking pot’). (B) Do you think that I care about the name, if some like to call it a κάκκαβος or a σίττυβος?’. And Nicochares in the Women from Lemnos (fr. 17 = C.5) said κάκκαβοι.

(3) Antiatt. κ 90: κακκάβη· Ἕρμιππος Δημόταις.

Bergk (1838, 316) suggested correcting κακκάβη to κάκκαβος (see F.1).

κακκάβη: Hermippus [says it] in the Citizens (fr. 19 = C.1).

(4) Moer. κ 4: κακκάβη Ἀττικοί· κάκκαβος Ἕλληνες.

Users of Attic [employ] κακκάβη; users of Greek [employ] κάκκαβος.

B. Other erudite sources

(1) Ath. 4.169c–f: τὴν χύτραν δ’ Ἀριστοφάνης ἐν Σκηνὰς καταλαμβανούσαις κακκάβην εἴρηκεν οὕτως· ‘τὴν κακκάβην γὰρ κᾶε τοῦ διδασκάλου’. κἀν Δαιταλεῦσι· ‘κἄγειν ἐκεῖθεν κακκάβην’. Ἀντιφάνης δ’ ἐν Φιλοθηβαίῳ· ‘πάντ’ ἔστιν ἡμῖν· ἥ τε γὰρ συνώνυμος | τῆς ἔνδον οὔσης ἔγχελυς Βοιωτία | μιχθεῖσα κοίλοις ἐν βυθοῖσι κακκάβης | χλιαίνετ’, αἴρεθ’, ἕψεται, παφλάζεται’. […] ἐν δὲ Παρασίτῳ ὁ Ἀντιφάνης καὶ τάδε εἴρηκεν· ‘ἄλλος ἐπὶ τούτῳ μέγας | ἥξει τις ἰσοτράπεζος εὐγενής (Β) τίνα | λέγεις; (Α) Καρύστου θρέμμα, γηγενής, ζέων | (Β) εἶτ’ οὐκ ἂν εἴποις; ὕπαγε. (Α) κάκκαβον λέγω· | σὺ δ’ ἴσως ἂν εἴποις λοπάδ’. (Β) ἐμοὶ δὲ τοὔνομα | οἴει διαφέρειν, εἴτε κάκκαβόν τινες | χαίροντες ὀνομάζουσιν εἴτε σίττυβον; | πλὴν ὅτι λέγεις ἀγγεῖον οἶδα’.

Cf. Ath. Epit. 4.169c-f | τινες χαίροντες ὀνομάζουσιν cod. A : τινες ὀνομάζουσιν cod. CE (Ath. Epit. 4.169f) : χαίρουσιν ὀνομάζοντες codd. DB (cf. C.6, apparatus).

Aristophanes calls the earthen pot κακκάβη in Women Occupying Tents (fr. 495 = C.3), as follows: ‘for he burned his teacher’s κακκάβη’. Also in Banqueters (fr. 224 = C.4): ‘and to be bringing a κακκάβη from there’. Antiphanes in The Man Who Loved Thebes (fr. 216.1–4 = C.7): ‘We’ve got everything! For the Boeotian eel, who shares a name with the woman inside, is mixed up within the hollow depths of a κακκάβη is getting hot, swelling up, stewing, and spluttering’. […] But in the Parasite Antiphanes (fr. 180 = C.6) says the following: ‘(A) After this another big one will arrive, as large as the table, a noble – (B) What are you talking about? – (A) … creature of Carystus, sprung from the soil, boiling – (B) Tell me! Come on! (A) I’m talking about a κάκκαβος; maybe you would call it a λοπάς (‘cooking pot’). (B) Do you think that I care about the name, if some like to call it a κάκκαβος or a σίττυβος? All I know is that you're referring to a vessel’. (Transl. Olson 2007, 313–7, modified).

(2) Orio 87.26–9 (= Philox.Gramm. fr. *249): κακκάβη. ἐπὶ θηλυκοῦ, ἀπὸ τοῦ κάπτω δηλοῦν τὸ κοιλαίνω. κάβη τὸ ῥηματικὸν ὄνομα, καὶ ἀναδιπλασιασμὸς κακάβη, καὶ πλεονασμῷ τοῦ κ, κακκάβη, σκεῦος ὃ πρὸς ἕψησιν ἐπιτήδειον.

κακκάβη: [It is] feminine. [It derives] from κάπτω (‘to gulp down’), i.e. κοιλαίνω (‘to hollow’). κάβη [is] the verbal noun, and [its] reduplication [is] κακάβη, and with the repetition of κ, κακκάβη, a vessel adapted for boiling.

(3) Orio 88.1 (= Philox.Gramm. fr. *249): κάκκαβος ἐπὶ ἀρσενικοῦ.

κάκκαβος: [In the] masculine.

(4) Hsch. κ 313: κακκάβη· κρίκον. ἢ χύτρα, ἣν ἡμεῖς κάκκαβον.

κρίκον cod. : κρίκος Musurus | χύτραν cod.

κακκάβη: [It means] ring, or earthen pot, which we [call] κάκκαβος.

(5) Σ κ 40 (~ Phot. κ 83, Orus fr. B 81): κακκάβη δεῖ λέγειν, οὐχὶ κάκκαβος.

κακκάβην Phot., Orus : κάκκαβον Phot., Orus | Photius adds at the end σημαίνει δὲ τὴν χύτραν (cf. Hsch. κ 313, B.4).

You must say κακκάβη, not κάκκαβος.

(6) Phot. κ 84 (= Ael.Dion. κ 4): κακκάβη· ἣν ἡμεῖς κάκκαβον· ἔστι δὲ λοπαδῶδες ἔχων ἐξ ἑαυτοῦ τρεῖς πόδας.

ἣν Erbse : ὃν Phot. codd. gz | λοπαδῶδες Phot. : <σκεῦος> λοπαδῶδες Erbse | Erbse ascribed the entry to Aelius Dionysius, based on Eust. in Od. 1.19.2–4 (B.9).

κακκάβη: [It is] what we call κάκκαβος; it is a [vessel] for cooking with three legs.

(7) Et.Gen. AB s.v. κακκάβη (= Philox.Gramm. fr. *249): κακκάβη· σκεῦος πρὸς ἕψησιν ἐπιτήδειον. παρὰ τὸ κάπτω ῥῆμα τὸ δηλοῦν τὸ κοιλαίνω, ἀφ’ οὗ ῥηματικὸν ὄνομα κάβη καὶ κατὰ ἀναδιπλασιασμὸν καὶ πλεονασμῷ τοῦ κ κακκάβη. ἀναλογώτερον δὲ θέλουσι λέγειν ἡ κάκκαβος θηλυκόν· τὸ γὰρ ἀρσενικὸν ὁ κάκκαβος παντελῶς ἀδόκιμον. οὕτως Ὠρίων.

Cf. Et.Gud. 293.1–6, EM 485.1–6, [Zonar.] 1154.33–1155.5. [Zonar.] has οὕτως Ὦρος ὁ Μιλήσιος instead of οὕτως Ὠρίων.

κακκάβη: [It is] a vessel suitable for boiling. [It derives] from the verb κάπτω (‘to gulp down’), that is κοιλαίνω (‘to hollow’), from which the verbal noun κάβη [derives] and [becomes] κακκάβη with the reduplication and repetition of the κ. In a more analogical way, they want to say κάκκαβος in the feminine, for κάκκαβος in the masculine [is] not approved at all. Thus Orion [says] (87.26–9 = B.2).

(8) Eust. in Il. 3.288.4–10: […] καὶ ἡ χύτρα, ἡ καὶ κακκάβη, οἷον ‘ἐν κακκάβᾳ ζεούσᾳ’, Δωρικῶς, ἣ καὶ ἀρσενικῶς κάκκαβος λέγεται, οἷον ‘κάκκαβον λέγω, σὺ δ’ ἂν ἴσως εἴποις λοπάδα’, τὴν καὶ σίττυβον, ὡς δηλοῖ ἐπαχθὲν τὸ ‘ἐμοὶ δὲ τοὔνομα οὐ διαφέρει εἴτε κάκκαβον ὀνομάζουσί τινες εἴτε σίττυβον’.

σὺ δ’ ἂν ἴσως Eust. : σὺ δ’ ἴσως ἂν Ath. (B.1), Poll. (A.2) | οὐ διαφέρει Eust. : οἴει διαφέρειν Ath. (B.1), Poll. (A.2) | ὀνομάζουσί τινες Eust. : τινες χαίρουσιν ὀνομάζοντες Sylburg (in Seber 1608, 142) in Poll. (A.2) : τινες χαίροντες ὀνομάζουσιν Ath. (B.1). Cf. C.6, apparatus.

[…] and the earthen pot, [which is] also [called] κακκάβη, as in ‘in a boiling κακκάβα’ (Ath. 8.338a = Tim. fr. 9 PMG; see B.9, apparatus), in Doric, which is also used in the masculine κάκκαβος, such as ‘I’m talking about a κάκκαβος; maybe you would call it a λοπάς (‘cooking pot’)’ (Antiph. fr. 180.4–5 = C.6), and also σίττυβος, as the following shows: ‘The name makes no difference to me, whether some people call it a κάκκαβος, or a σίττυβος’ (Antiph. fr. 180.5–7 = C.6).

(9) Eust. in Od. 1.19.2–4 (= 1.90.12–4 Cullhed–Olson): Αἴλιος δὲ Διονύσιος παρασημειούμενός τινα ὅπως κατὰ γένη προφέρονται, φησὶν οὕτω. κακκάβη θηλυκῶς ὁ κάκκαβος. ὃ καὶ παρὰ τῷ Ἀθηναίῳ κεῖται ἐν τῷ ‘κακκάβᾳ ζέουσα’.

ἐν τῷ κακκάβᾳ ζέουσα Cullhed–Olson : ἐν τῷ κακκάβα ζέουσα Stallbaum : (ἐν) κακκάβῃ ζεούσῃ Ath. 8.338a (cod. A, added above the line) : (ἐν) κακκάβᾳ ζεούσᾳ Ath. 8.338a (cod. A), Ath. Epit. 8.338a (cod. E); the translation has been modified following Athenaeus’ reading.

Aelius Dionysius (κ 4 = B.6), noting in passing how certain words are used with [different] grammatical genders, says the following: κακκάβη is the feminine form of κάκκαβος, which is also found in Athenaeus in ‘a boiling κακκάβα’ (Ath. 8.338a = Tim. fr. 9 PMG). (Transl. Cullhed–Olson 2022, 91, modified).

C. Loci classici, other relevant texts

(1) Hermipp. fr. 19 = Antiatt. κ 90 re. κακκάβη (A.3).

(2) Ar. fr. 204 = Phryn. Ecl. 400 re. κακκάβη (A.1).

(3) Ar. fr. 495:
τὴν κακκάβην γὰρ κᾶε τοῦ διδασκάλου

For he burned his teacher’s cooking pot.

(4) Ar. fr. 224:
κἄγειν ἐκεῖθεν κακκάβην

And to be bringing a cooking pot from there …

(5) Nicoch. fr. 17 = Poll. 10.107 re. κακκάβους (A.2).

(6) Antiph. fr. 180:
(Α) ἄλλος ἐπὶ τούτῳ μέγας
ἥξει τις ἰσοτράπεζος εὐγενής (Β) τίνα
λέγεις; (Α) Καρύστου θρέμμα, γηγενής, ζέων
(Β) εἶτ’ οὐκ ἂν εἴποις; ὕπαγε. (A) κάκκαβον λέγω·
σὺ δ’ ἴσως ἂν εἴποις λοπάδ’. (B) ἐμοὶ δὲ τοὔνομα
οἴει διαφέρειν, εἴτε κάκκαβόν τινες
χαίρουσιν ὀνομάζοντες εἴτε σίττυβον;
πλὴν ὅτι λέγεις ἀγγεῖον οἶδα.

σὺ δ’ ἴσως ἂν Ath. (B.1), Poll. codd. BCL (σὺ δ’ ἂν Poll. cod. A; καὶ ἴσως δ’ ἂν Poll. cod. F) (A.2) : σὺ δ’ ἂν ἴσως Eust. (B.8) | οἴει διαφέρειν Ath. (B.1), Poll. codd. FBC (εἴη διαφέρειν Poll. cod. AL) (A.2) : οὐ διαφέρει Eust. (B.8) | τινες χαίρουσιν ὀνομάζοντες Ath. codd. DB (B.1), Sylburg (in Seber 1608, 142) : χαίρουσίν τινες ὀνομάζοντες Poll. codd. ABCL (A.2) : τινες χαίρουσιν ὀνομάζειν Poll. cod. F (A.2) : τινες χαίροντες ὀνομάζουσιν Ath. cod. A (B.1) : τινες ὀνομάζουσιν Ath. cod. CE (Ath. Epit. 4.169f) (B.1) : ὀνομάζουσί τινες Eust. (B.8).

(A) After this another big one will arrive, as large as the table, a noble – (B) What are you talking about? – (A) … creature of Carystus, sprung from the soil, boiling – (B) Tell me! Come on! (A) I’m talking about a κάκκαβος; maybe you would call it a λοπάς (‘cooking pot’). (B) Do you think that I care about the name, if some like to call it a κάκκαβος or a σίττυβος? All I know is that you’re referring to a vessel’.

(7) Antiph. fr. 216.1–4:
πάντ’ ἔστιν ἡμῖν· ἥ τε γὰρ συνώνυμος
τῆς ἔνδον οὔσης ἔγχελυς Βοιωτία
τμηθεῖσα κοίλοις ἐν βυθοῖσι κακκάβης
χλιαίνετ’, αἴρεθ’, ἕψεται, παφλάζεται

τμηθεῖσα Ath. 14.623a : μιχθεῖσα Ath. 4.169c (B.1).

We’ve got everything! For the Boeotian eel, who shares a name with the woman inside, has been cut up and within the hollow depths of a casserole-dish is growing hot, rising up, stewing, spluttering. (Transl. Olson 2021, 97).

(8) Antiph. fr. 243:
εὐτρέπιζε < >
ψυκτῆρα, λεκάνην, τριπόδιον, ποτήριον,
χύτραν, θυείαν, κάκκαβον, ζωμήρυσιν

εὐτρέπιζε Ath. Epit. 2.71e : εὐτρέπιζε <δὴ> Koppiers : εὐτρέπιζε <παῖ> Meineke : εὐτρέπιζέ <μοι> Blaydes : εὐτρεπίζετε Bothe | θυείαν Schweighäuser : θυΐαν Ath. 2.71e.

Prepare < > a cooler, a basin, a little table, a cup, a cooking pot, a mortar, a stewing-pot, a broth-ladle! (Transl. Olson 2022, 188, modified).

D. General commentary

Atticist lexicographers – Phrynichus (A.1), Pollux (A.2), the Antiatticist (A.3), and Moeris (A.4) – discuss the noun κακκάβη/κάκκαβος (a kind of ‘cooking pot’, to be distinguished from the homographic word κακκάβη meaning ‘partridge’), prescribing the form in -η against the form in -ος (for the text of A.3, see also F.1); this is one of several examples in which Atticist lexicographers discuss cases of declension metaplasm, often related to cases of gender change; see AGP vol. 2, Nominal morphology, forthcoming, and entries ἄσβολος, ἀσβόλη; αἴθαλος, αἰθάλη, ψύλλα, ψύλλος.

Contrary to the analysis of ancient etymologists (B.3, B.7), who attempt to connect it to Greek verbs such as κάπτω, the noun κακκάβη/κάκκαβος (with the ungeminated variants κακάβη/κάκαβος) is a technical loanword of unknown origin. A Semitic derivation has been suggested (see DELG, EDG s.v.), but this reconstruction remains uncertain.

Except for two occurrences in dithyrambic poetry (Tim. fr. 9 PMG κακκάβα, cf. B.8, B.9; Philox. 836b, ll. 7 and 18 PMG κάκκαβος), the earliest attestations of the term are unsurprisingly found in comedyComedy, since the term indicates an everyday object. As far as Old Comedy is concerned, in Hermippus (C.1, but see also F.1) and Aristophanes (C.2, C.3, C.4) the form κακκάβη is found (indeed, Phrynichus’ prescription is based on one of the Aristophanic occurrences, C.2), while Pollux (A.2) reports the use of the plural form κάκκαβοι by Nicochares (C.5). It is not easy to assess whether Nicochares’ κάκκαβοι was a masculine or feminine form: the existence of a feminine form in -ος is attested by grammatical sources (B.7; see also Alex.Trall. 2.113.2 Puschmann), and a reference to the gender distinction is first made in Orion (B.2, B.3), while Atticist lexicographers do not seem to take an explicit position on the gender question. Turning to Middle Comedy, Antiphanes’ case is interesting. The term is attested in three of his fragments: in two of them it appears in the form in -oς (fr. 180, C.6 [2x]; fr. 243, C.8) and in the remaining one in the form in -η (fr. 216, C.7). As Olson (2021, 190) notes, both forms are metrically acceptable in all four occurrences of the word in Antiphanes; consequently, a fluctuation between the two forms in the earliest tradition of the playwright’s text cannot be ruled out. In any case, in fr. 180 (C.6) the authenticity of the form κάκκαβος – noted by Pollux (A.2) in contrast to Aristophanes’ use and also reported by Athenaeus (B.1) – seems to be guaranteed by the context: indeed, the form in -ος is necessary to create the linguistic play on wordsWordplay with the noun σίττυβοςσίττυβος, a rare term otherwise attested almost exclusively in grammatical sources (see Hdn. Περὶ καθολικῆς προσῳδίας GG 3,1.378.1, [Arcad.] 141.2, Poll. 7.70Poll. 7.70, Hsch. σ 775 (in the first declension plural form σιττύβαι), Phot. σ 254; see also PGM 36.151 σιττύβας) and indicating ‘a small piece of leather’ or ‘a leather garment’. As Olson (2022, 307) states, ‘the simplest conclusion is that (B) uses it because it produces a jingle with κάκκαβος, and that the absurdity of applying the term to a stewing pan is the point (~ ‘a stewing pan or a slewing fan’)’. In conclusion, the presence of the form κάκκαβοι in Nicochares and the coexistence of both forms in Antiphanes could hint at the spread of the 2nd-declension form as early as the 5th–4th century BCE in the spoken languageColloquial language, which also crept into comic language. The spread of κάκκαβος may have been facilitated by the homographyHomography between the 1st-declension form and the ornithonym κακκάβη, a synonym of πέρδιξπέρδιξ (‘partridge’), which, due to its onomatopoeic derivation, was probably more widespread in the spoken language (incidentally, one may wonder whether the term for the pot could also be of onomatopoeicOnomatopoeia origin, referring to the noise made by the food cooking in it). Be that as it may, the presence of κακκάβη alone in Aristophanes fully justifies the proscription of κάκκαβος by Atticist lexicographers who adopted a stricter canon (for the role of comedy, and especially Aristophanes, in Phrynichus’ Atticist works, see Tribulato 2024).

Later lexicographical and grammatical sources either limit themselves to recording the two forms (B.1, B.2, B.3, B.8) or support the Atticists’ prescription (B.5, B.7). In particular, Hsch. κ 313 (B.4) contrasts the Attic use of κακκάβη with the contemporary use (ἡμεῖς) of κάκκαβος, with the author’s purpose seeming more didactic than prescriptive. This approach is followed by Photius in his second entry on the word (B.6): indeed, κάκκαβος is the most common form in the Byzantine period (see E.). Erbse (1950, 124) maintains that Photius’ entry refers to Aelius Dionysius’ teaching (κ 4, see B.6) on the basis of Eustathius (B.9), who states that the lexicographer dealt with both forms of the noun, although he does not seem to have issued any prescription.

E. Byzantine and Modern Greek commentary

During the Byzantine period the words κακκάβη and κάκκαβος remain quite rare, but the 2nd-declension form has a slightly higher number of attestations, especially in technical texts (Hippiatrica, 9x; Geoponica, 2x, in the form κάκαβος), liturgical texts (Euchologia, 7x, in the form κάκαβος), and mixed-register texts (see e.g. Theophanes Confessor 390.30 ἐπὶ κακκάβου, cf. Georgius Cedrenus 1.788.5 ἐν κακάβῳ). The form κακκάβη/κακάβη is attested instead in Theodorus Studites Epitimia 32.2, Demetrius Pepagomenus (2x; 15th century), and Pachomius Rhusanus (16th century). The modern dialect of Samos preserves the form κακκάβα (see Andriotis 1974 s.v.), while Standard Modern Greek developed the word κακάβι, derived from the Ancient Greek diminutive κακκάβιον via Medieval Greek κακκάβιν/κακάβιν; see LBG s.v. κακκάβιν and LKN s.v. κακάβι. In Modern Greek the feminine noun κακαβιά/κακκαβιά (‘fish soup’) is also used (see LKN s.v. κακαβιά).

F. Commentary on individual texts and occurrences

(1) Antiatt. κ 90 (A.3)

In the Antiatticist’s entry on the word κακκάβη, Bergk (1838, 316–7) suggested correcting the lemma to κάκκαβος – in Bergk’s opinion, the form was used by Hermippus because of metrical constraints – as if the lexicographer intended to rehabilitate a term proscribed by the other Atticists (especially Phrynichus) by proving its use by an Old Comedy poet. Actually, this kind of dispute between the Antiatticist’s lexicon and Phrynichus’ Eclogue is not an isolated case; see, e.g., entries ἀκολουθεῖν μετ’ αὐτοῦ; βασίλεια, βασιλίς, βασίλισσα, βασίλιννα, and νοίδιον, βοίδιον (in the last case, the form βούδιον, rejected by Phrynichus (Ecl. 61)Phryn. Ecl. 61, is only accepted by the Antiatticist (β 37)Antiatt. β 37 because it is attested in Hermippus). Nevertheless, the correction of κακκάβη to κάκκαβος in Antiatt. κ 90 is questionable (cf. Valente 2015, 202, apparatus), not least because the entry is likely to be epitomisedEpitome, although the assumption that Phrynichus’ entry is a polemical response to the Antiatticist is tempting, since the entry is included in the second book of the Eclogue (on the use of the Antiatticist in this book, see Sicking 1883, 5; Latte 1915, 374; Valente 2015, 52–4).

Bibliography

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CITE THIS

Elisa Nuria Merisio, 'κακκάβη, κάκκαβος (Phryn. Ecl. 400, Poll. 106–7, Antiatt. κ 90, Moer. κ 4)', in Olga Tribulato (ed.), Digital Encyclopedia of Atticism. With the assistance of E. N. Merisio.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30687/DEA/2974-8240/2025/01/028

ABSTRACT

This article provides a philological and linguistic commentary on the nouns κακκάβη and κάκκαβος discussed in the Atticist lexica Phryn. Ecl. 400, Poll. 106–7, Antiatt. κ 90, Moer. κ 4.