PURA. Purism In Antiquity: Theories Of Language in Greek Atticist Lexica and their Legacy

Lexicographic entries

ἱκεσία, ἱκετεία
(Phryn. Ecl. 3, Phryn. PS 77.1–2, Antiatt. ι 2, Poll. 1.29)

A. Main sources

(1) Phryn. Ecl. 3: ἱκεσία· καὶ τοῦτο ἀδόκιμον, ἱκετεία δὲ λέγε.

ἱκεσία (‘supplication’): This too is unapproved; say rather ἱκετεία.


(2) Phryn. PS 77.1–2: ἱκετεία· διὰ τοῦ τ, οὐ διὰ τοῦ σ. ἱκεσίους μέν<τοι> λιτὰς καὶ λόγους ἱκεσίους.

Bekker (1814–1821 vol. 1, 44 and vol. 3, 1071) corrected the reading of the cod. ἱκετίους into ἱκεσίους and supplied μέν<τοι>.

ἱκετεία: [Say it] with τ, not [with] σ. Yet, [one says] ἱκεσίους λιτάς (‘prayers of supplication’) and λόγους ἱκεσίους (‘orations appealing to’).


(3) Antiatt. ι 2: ἱκετείαν· ἀντὶ τοῦ ἱκεσίαν. Θουκυδίδης γ′.

ἱκετείαν: In place of ἱκεσίαν. Thucydides [used it in Book] 3 (3.67.3 = C.1).


(4) Poll. 1.29: τὰ μέντοι πράγματα θυσία, βουθυσία, θυηπολία, κατάκλησις θεῶν, ἀνάκλησις, ἔντευξις, πρόσοδος, ἱερουργία, ἱεροποιία, ἱκετεία, σπονδή.

Yet, the acts [are] burnt offering, sacrifice of oxen, sacrificing, invocation of the gods, imploration of the gods, intercession, procession, religious service, sacrifice, supplication (ἱκετεία), drink-offering.


B. Other erudite sources

(1) Hdn. Περὶ ὀρθογραφίας GG 3,2.452.7–16: τὰ διὰ τοῦ εια θηλυκὰ ἔχοντα ῥῆμα ἀντιπαρακείμενον διὰ τοῦ ευω, εἰ μέν ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῶν εἰς μων ὀξυτόνων, διὰ τοῦ ι γράφεται οἷον ἡγεμών ἡγεμονεύω ἡγεμονία, κηδεμών κηδεμονεύω κηδεμονία· εἰ δὲ μή ἐστιν ἀπὸ τῶν εἰς μων, διὰ τῆς ει διφθόγγου γράφεται οἷον ἀλαζών ἀλαζονεύω ἀλαζονεία καὶ ἀπὸ ἄλλης δὲ οἱασδήποτε καταλήξεως ἐὰν ᾖ, διὰ διφθόγγου γράφεται οἷον ῥήτωρ ῥήτορος ῥητορεύω ῥητορεία, εἴρων εἰρωνεύω εἰρωνεία, πρᾶγμα πραγματεύω, ἐξ οὗ πραγματεύομαι, πραγματεία. ὁμοίως κολακεία, ἑρμηνεία, προφητεία, ξενιτεία, ἀριστεία ἐκ τοῦ ἀριστεύς, ἀλητεία, βουλεία ἡ βούλευσις, γοητεία, δυναστεία, ἱκετεία· ἱκεσία δὲ διὰ τοῦ ι.

Cf. Choerob. Περὶ ὀρθογραφίας 181.1–14 and 237.32–238.2.

The feminine [nouns] ending in -εια that have a corresponding verb ending in -ευω, if they derive from [nouns] that have an acute accent on the final syllable -μων, are written with ι, such as ἡγεμών (‘leader’), ἡγεμονεύω (‘to lead’), ἡγεμονία (‘authority’), κηδεμών (‘protector’), κηδεμονεύω (‘to be a guardian’), κηδεμονία (‘care’). If they do not derive from [nouns] ending -μων, they are written with the diphthong ει, such as ἀλαζών (‘pretentious’), ἀλαζονεύω (‘to make unwarranted pretensions’), ἀλαζονεία (‘imposture’). And if they derive from [nouns ending in] other kinds of final syllables, they are written with the diphthong ει, as in ῥήτωρ ῥήτορος (‘public speaker’), ῥητορεύω (‘to be a public speaker’), ῥητορεία (‘oratory’), εἴρων (‘dissembler’), εἰρωνεύω (‘to dissemble’), εἰρωνεία (‘dissimulation’), πρᾶγμα (‘deed’), πραγματεύω, from which πραγματεύομαι (‘to busy oneself’), πραγματεία (‘business’). Likewise, κολακεία (‘flattery’), ἑρμηνεία (‘interpretation’), προφητεία (‘gift of prophecy’), ξενιτεία (‘living abroad’), ἀριστεία (‘excellence’) from ἀριστεύς (‘he who excels in valour’), ἀλητεία (‘wandering’), βουλεία (‘office of councillor’), that is the act of deliberating, γοητεία (‘witchcraft’), δυναστεία (‘domination’), ἱκετεία· ἱκεσία is instead written with ι.


(2) Hdn. Περὶ ὀρθογραφίας GG 3,2.453.31–2 (= Theognost. Can. 105.19–21): τὰ διὰ τοῦ σια ὑπὲρ δύο συλλαβὰς μὴ ἔχοντα ἀντιπαρακείμενον ῥῆμα διὰ τοῦ ευω διὰ τοῦ ι γράφεται οἷον ἱκεσία, τὸ δὲ ἱκετεία διὰ τῆς ει διφθόγγου, ἱκετεύω γάρ.

The [nouns] ending in -σια that have more than two syllables and that do not have a corresponding verb ending in -ευω are written with ι, such as ἱκεσία. ἱκετεία is instead written with the diphthong ει, for [the verb is] ἱκετεύω.


(3) Hsch. α 5373: ἀντήσεις· ἱκεσίαι, λιτανεῖαι, ἱκετεῖαι.

ἀντήσεις (‘entreaties’): ἱκεσίαι, entreaties, ἱκετεῖαι.


(4) AO 2.361.31–2: εὐεργεσία· ἐκ τοῦ εὐεργέτης, εὐεργεσία, ὡς ἱκέτης, ἱκεσία· καὶ Ἰωνικῇ τροπῇ τοῦ τ εἰς σ εὐεργεσία.

Cf. Et.Parv. ε 41 and EM 390.20–1.

εὐεργεσία (‘well-doing’): From εὐεργέτης (‘benefactor’) [is derived] εὐεργεσία, as from ἱκέτης (‘suppliant’) [is derived] ἱκετεία, and with the change of τ into σ that is typical of the Ionic dialect, [it becomes] εὐεργεσία.


(5) Choerob. Περὶ πνευμάτων 204.11–5: τὸ Ι πρὸ τοῦ Κ ψιλοῦται. ἴκελος, ὅμοιος. Ἴκαρος. Ἰκάριον, πέλαγος. Ἰκόνιον, πόλις. ἰκρίον, τὸ ὀρθὸν ξύλον. ἰκτὶς, ὄρνεον. ἰκμάς. ἰκμαλέον. πλὴν τοῦ ἱκανός. ἱκανῶ, ῥῆμα. ἵκω, τὸ ἱκετεύω· ἀφ’ οὗ καὶ ἱκετεία, καὶ ἱκέσιος, καὶ ἱκεσία.

ι before κ has a smooth breathing: ἴκελος, [that is] ‘resembling’; Ἴκαρος (‘Icarus’); Ἰκάριον, [the name of the] sea; Ἰκόνιον, the city; ἰκρίον, the straight board of wood; ἰκτίς, the bird; ἰκμάς (‘moisture’); ἰκμαλέον (‘damp’). Except for ἱκανός (‘sufficient’) – the verb [is] ἱκανῶ (‘to make sufficient’) – and ἵκω, [that is] to approach as a suppliant, from which [are derived] also ἱκετεία, ἱκέσιος and ἱκεσία.


(6) Su. ι 264 (~ Lexeis Rhetorikai 267.15–8): ἱκετεία, ἡ ἱκεσία. ἱκετεία δὲ ἱκετηρίας διαφέρει. ἱκετεία μέν ἐστιν ἣν ποιεῖταί τις διὰ τῶν λόγων, ὅταν δέηται συγγνώμης τυχεῖν ἢ ἐλέους. Ἀντιφῶν· περὶ τοῦ μὴ ἐλεεῖν ὑμᾶς ἐμὲ ἐδεήθη δείσας, μὴ ἐγὼ δάκρυσι καὶ ἱκετείαις πειρῶμαι ὑμᾶς ἀναπείθειν. ἱκετηρία δέ ἐστιν, ἣν οἱ δεόμενοι κατατίθενταί που ἢ μετὰ χεῖρας ἔχουσιν.

See also Δικῶν ὀνόματα 190.10–1.

ἱκετεία, [i.e.] ἱκεσία. ἱκετεία differs from ἱκετηρία (‘olive-branch which the suppliants hold in their hand’). ἱκετεία is [a plea] that someone makes using words, in case they need to receive forgiveness or to obtain mercy. Antiphon (Antipho fr. 77 Thalheim = C.3) [says]: ‘He besought you to have no pity on me, because he feared that I might try to move you by tears and entreaties’. ἱκετηρία is instead [the thing which] that people who beg for something put down somewhere or hold in their hands.


(7) Thom.Mag. 187.9–10: καὶ ἱκεσία καὶ ἱκέτευμα. Θουκυδίδης· μέγιστον ἦν ἱκέτευμα τοῦτο.

De Pauw in Lobeck (1820, 11) conjectured ἱκετεία in place of ἱκεσία based on Phryn. Ecl. 3 (= A.1).

Both ἱκεσία and ἱκέτευμα (‘mode of supplication’) [are used]. Thucydides [says]: ‘This was the most potent form of supplication’ (1.137.1 = C.2).


C. Loci classici, other relevant texts

(1) Thuc. 3.67.3: καὶ γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἀνταποφαίνομεν πολλῷ δεινότερα παθοῦσαν τὴν ὑπὸ τούτων ἡλικίαν ἡμῶν διεφθαρμένην, ὧν πατέρες οἱ μὲν πρὸς ὑμᾶς τὴν Βοιωτίαν ἄγοντες ἀπέθανον ἐν Κορωνείᾳ, οἱ δὲ πρεσβῦται λελειμμένοι καὶ οἰκίαι ἐρῆμοι πολλῷ δικαιοτέραν ὑμῶν ἱκετείαν ποιοῦνται τούσδε τιμωρήσασθαι.

For in answer, we too would point out that a far more dreadful fate befell our young men who were butchered by them, of whose fathers some died at Coronea trying to win Boeotia to your cause, while others, left in their desolated houses in their old age, with far greater justice make supplication to you to take vengeance upon these men. (Transl. adapted slightly from Smith 1920, 121).


(2) Thuc. 1.137.1: ὁ δὲ ἀκούσας ἀνίστησί τε αὐτὸν μετὰ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ υἱέος, ὥσπερ καὶ ἔχων αὐτὸν ἐκαθέζετο, καὶ μέγιστον ἦν ἱκέτευμα τοῦτο […].

He (i.e. Admetus), having heard this, raised him (i.e. Themistocles) up, together with his own son, even as he still sat holding him, this being the most potent form of supplication. (Transl. Smith 1919, 231, modified).


(3) Antipho fr. 77 Thalheim: περὶ τοῦ μὴ ἐλεεῖν ὑμᾶς ἐμὲ ἐδεήθη δείσας, μὴ ἐγὼ δάκρυσι καὶ ἱκετείαις πειρῶμαι ὑμᾶς ἀναπείθειν (cf. B.6).

He besought you to have no pity on me, because he feared that I might try to move you by tears and entreaties. (Transl. Maidment 1941, 309).


Bibliography

Bekker, I. (1814–1821). Anecdota Graeca. 3 vols. Berlin.

Maidment, K. J. (1941). Minor Attic Orators. Vol. 1: Antiphon. Andocides. Translated by K. J. Maidment. Cambridge, MA.

Lobeck, C. A. (1820). Phrynichi Eclogae nominum et verborum Atticorum. Leipzig.

Smith, C. F. (1919). Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Vol. 1: Books 1–2. Translated by C. F. Smith. Cambridge, MA.

Smith, C. F. (1920). Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Vol. 2: Books 3–4. Translated by C. F. Smith. Cambridge, MA.

CITE THIS

Elisa Nuria Merisio, 'ἱκεσία, ἱκετεία (Phryn. Ecl. 3, Phryn. PS 77.1–2, Antiatt. ι 2, Poll. 1.29)', in Olga Tribulato (ed.), Digital Encyclopedia of Atticism. With the assistance of E. N. Merisio.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30687/DEA/2974-8240/2023/02/013

ABSTRACT
This article collects the erudite texts on the nouns ἱκεσία and ἱκετεία and the ancient loci classici concerning them.
KEYWORDS

Deadjectival nouns-ία

FIRST PUBLISHED ON

20/12/2023

LAST UPDATE

19/12/2023